PHRASE vs CLAUSE

A. PHRASE

Phrase (frasa) adalah sekelompok kata (2 kata atau lebih) yang dapat difungsikan sebagai noun (kata benda), sebagai verb (kata kerja), sebagai adjective (kata sifat), atau sebagai adverb (kata keterangan). Dengan perkecualian pada absolute phrase, phrase tidak memiliki subject.

Sebuah phrase dapat mengandung: phrase + klas kata tertentu. Sebagai contoh, “adjective phrase + noun” akan membentuk noun phrase; “noun phrase + adjective” akan membentuk adjective phrase, dst.

1. Tipe-Tipe Phrase

Penamaan phrase pada umumnya berdasarkan headword (kata kunci) yang menyusun phrase tersebut. Headword ini biasanya terletak di awal phrase atau di akhir phrase atau kadang-kadang di tengah phrase.

Berdasarkan headword-nya, tipe-tipe phrase dalam bahasa Inggris antara lain:

a. Noun Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa noun, yang diletakkan di akhir atau di tengah phrase. Noun phrase dapat diawali oleh article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), modifier (some, any, dst), atau oleh adjective pronoun (my, your, his, dst).

Contoh:

• an extremely fast runner.
• this bouquet of roses
• my fiancée.
• the laptop.
• his sister.
• the substance in this bottle
• my sister’s room

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

b. Gerundive (Gerund) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headwordnya berupa gerund, yang diletakkan di awal phrase. Gerund phrase pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

• reading a book.
• playing chess.
• drinking beer.
• stealing my book.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya. Di reading a book, “a book” itu sendiri adalah noun phrase, yang menjadi direct object dari “reading”, sedangkan di stealing my book “my book” adalah noun phrase yang menjadi direct object dari “stealing”.

c. Infinitive Phrase,yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa infinitive, yang diletakkan di awal phrase. Infinitive phrase pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

• to play chess
• to buy that red car
• to solve this mathematics problem

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya. “that red car” dan “this mathematics problem” adalah noun phrase.

d. Verb Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa verb, yang diletakkan di akhir phrase. Verb phrase diawali oleh auxiliary. Bentuk-bentuk verb phrase, antara lain:

• Be + verb-ing/verb3
• Has/have/had + verb3
• Has/have/had + been + verb-ing/verb3
• Modal + verb1
• Modal + be + verb-ing/verb3
• Modal + have + verb3
• Modal + have + been +verb-ing/verb, dst.

Contoh:

• am typing.
• has passed
• will see.
• will have graduated. dst.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

e. Phrasal Verb, yaitu “verb + preposition/adverb”.

Contoh:

• looked after.
• going out with.
• look forward to.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

f. Adverbial (Adverb) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adverb, yang diletakkan di akhir phrase. Adverbial phrase diawali oleh adverb. Adverb yang posisinya di depan dan yang menerangkan adverb di belakangnya disebut intensifier.

Contoh:

• very quickly
• extremely fast
• almost never

g. Prepositional Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adverb. Prepositional phrase diawali oleh preposition, dan pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

• into the woods
• on the table
• at home
• on time
• in the morning

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

h. Adjectival (Adjective) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adjective. Letak headword-nya pada umumnya di akhir phrase, yang diawali oleh adverb. Kadang-kadang headword-nya diletakkan di awal phrase, yang biasanya diterangkan oleh adjective yang lain.

Contoh:

• extremely toxic
• full of dolls
• extremely fast

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

i.  Participial Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa participle, baik present participle (i.e. verb-ing) maupun past pasticiple (i.e. verb3), yang diletakkan diawal phrase. Participial phrase selalu berfungsi sebagai adjective.

Contoh:

• breast-feeding her baby
• calling you
• stormed by gun fire

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

j. Appositive Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa appositive (Appositive adalah noun atau pronoun yang difungsikan untuk menggantikan noun atau pronoun). Appositive phrase ini merupakan hasil reduksi dari non-restrictive clause; selain yang diawali oleh participle.

Contoh:

• my dog
• the English teacher
• the ones I wore last night

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

2. Penggunaan Phrase dalam Kalimat

a. Phrase sebagai Noun.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai noun (baik sebagai subject maupun sebagai object (direct object, indirect object, atau object dari preposition), antara lain:

- Noun Phrase.

Contoh:

• He is an extremely fast runner.
• I will send this bouquet of roses to my fiancée.
• He bought the laptop for his sister.
• The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
• My sister’s room is full of dolls.

- Gerundive (Gerund) Phrase.

Contoh:

• Reading a book is her hobby.
• I love playing chess.
• He stopped drinking beer.
• He didn’t confess to stealing my book.

- Infinitive Phrase.

Contoh:

• I want to play chess now.
• He decided to buy that red car.
• To solve this mathematics problem needs three equations.

- Prepositional Phrase.

Contoh:

• In the morning is a prepositional phrase.
• From this moment is a song sung by Shaina Twain.

b. Phrase sebagai Verb.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai verb, antara lain:

-Verb Phrase

Contoh:

• I am typing this comment.
• Andi has passed the exam
• We will see you again.
• Susan will have graduated by August this year. dst.

- Phrasal verb.

Contoh:

• My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.
• She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.
• I look forward to seeing you soon.

c. Phrase sebagai Adverb.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai adverb, antara lain:

- Adverbial phrase

Contoh:

• She runs very quickly.
• The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast.
• He almost never comes on time.

-  Prepositional Phrase:

yang dapat dapat difungsikan sebagai adverb of place (keterangan tempat) dan adverb of time (keterangan waktu).

Contoh:

• The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast. (adv. of place)
• The food on the table looked delicious. (adv. of place)
• I am at home now. (adv. of place)
• He almost never comes on time. (adv. of time)
• They left in the morning. (adv. of time)

d. Phrase sebagai Adjective.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai adjective, antara lain:

- Adjective Phrase.

Contoh:

• The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
• My sister’s room is full of dolls.
• He is an extremely fast runner.

- Participial Phrase.

Contoh:

• The mother breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
• I think the girl calling you likes you.
• All people stormed by gun fire in that building were found dead.

NOTE: Participial phrase ini merupakan reduksi dari adjective clause (tidak termasuk appositive phrase).

- Appositive Phrase.

Contoh:

• Robby, my dog, is very big.
• Mr. Smith, the English teacher, is from Canada.
• I can’t find the jeans, the ones I wore last night.

B. CLAUSE

Clause (klausa) adalah serangkaian/sekelompok  kata yang sekurang-kurangnya memiliki subject dan predicate. Clause pada umumnya diawali oleh relative pronoun, tetapi relative pronoun ini sering dihilangkan. Selain diawali oleh relative pronoun, clause juga dapat diawali oleh conjunction.

Berdasarkan ketergantungan terhadap clause yang lain, clause dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu independent clause (klausa bebas) dan dependent clause (klausa tidak bebas). Sebuah independent clause dapat berdiri sendiri menjadi sebuah kalimat, sedangkan dependent clause tidak. Dependent clause selalu membutuhkan independent clause.

Berdasarkan fungsinya, dependent clause (atau disebut juga subordinate clause) dapat dibedakan menjadi: noun clause, adjective clause, dan adverb clause

1. Noun Clause, yaitu klausa yang difungsikan sebagai noun.

• I love how you love me.
• It is important that we help one another.
• Have I told you lately that I love you?

NOTE: Selengkapnya silakan baca topik: Noun Clauses.

2. Adjective Clause (atau relative clause) adalah klausa yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Ada dua tipe adjective clause, yaitu: restrictive clause dan non-restrictive clause.

Contoh restrictive clause:

• The mother who is breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
• I think the girl who called you likes you.
• All people who were stormed by gun fire in that building were found dead.

Contoh non-restrictive clause:

• Robby, which is my dog, is very big.
• Mr. Smith, who is the English teacher, is from Canada.
• I can’t find the jeans, which are the ones I wore last night.

NOTE: Topik khusus untuk adjective belum diposting. Untuk sementara silakan baca Penggunaan WHO, WHOM, dan WHOSE dan Penggunaan WHICH.

3. Adverb Clause, yaitu klausa yang difungsikan sebagai adverb.

Contoh:

• My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.
• She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.
• You say it best when you say nothing at all.

Source: swarabhaskara.com

Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand.  
 
This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples.  The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow.   After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties.  

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.  

A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.  

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.  C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence? 

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.  B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence.  

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.  The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined. 

A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which AbrahAM  Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

source: www.eslbee.com

The Noun Phrase (or noun group) in English

Two simple "rules" govern the use of the noun group in English.

1) The essential parts of a noun group
Unless a noun is used in a generalising sense (see articles), a noun group consists or at least the following elements: a determiner and a noun.
    A determiner is one of the following: an article (the, a, an, some, any), a quantifier (no, few, a few, many, etc.), a possessive (my, your, whose, the man's, etc.), a demonstrative (this, that, these, those), a numeral (one, two, three etc.) or a question word (which, whose, how many, etc.).

     Except in some very rare cases, a noun can only be preceded by ONE determiner:

   Examples: the man, some women, a few dogs, your horse, the man's horse* , that car, whose money,  how many bottles?
     (In this example, the man's horse* there appear to be two determiners before horse, but in fact there is only one: the determiner before horse is the man, and the article the is the determiner of the word  man.)


2) Other parts of a noun group.
A noun group can also contain one or more modifiers; a modifier is an adjective, an adjectival phrase, a secondary noun, a prepositional phrase or a relative clause.
The principal noun in a noun group is called the head noun.

• Adjectives are placed before the head noun: as in the Great Gatsby
     (Click here for ► How to place adjectives in the right order)
• Adjective phrases usually come before the head noun:  as in:
      a black-and-white striped vest
      a rather tight-fitting dress
• Secondary nouns behave exactly like adjectives, and  come before the head noun:
   a beer glass,  the police inspector,  a London bus
• Prepositional phrases and relative clauses follow the head noun, as in:
     the students in our class   or  the girl who gave me her phone-number.

Put all this together, and we get a complex noun group, such as:

   The nice old-fashioned police inspector with white hair, who was drinking his beer, was Mr. Morse.

3 Some common exceptions
Sometimes an adjective or an adjectival phrase will follow the noun, or appear to do so. There are three cases that need to be noted:

• A very few adjectives always follow the noun: concerned (in the sense of "being talked about"), and involved (in the sense of "participating", or "being present") are the two common ones.
• Other participial adjectives (such as left, remaining, missing) appear to be used as adjectives that follow the noun; in reality, they are elliptical forms of a relative clause that has become reduced to a single word.
• Adjectives follow the noun when the adjectives themselves are post-modified (defined) by a following phrase.

Examples.
     There's been an outbreak of flu, but there are only fifteen people concerned
     After the fight, the police arrested the men involved.
      Oh look ! there is only one chocolate left !!
      We can't go yet !! There are still three people missing. 
      There was a crowd bigger than last year.

source: linguapress.com